The massive increase and rapid spread of disinformation and fake news in recent years, including deep fakes, shook the integrity of information and threatened democracy. Disinformation ranged from fictitious information or alternative facts to partisan reporting. Combining initial malicious intent with end-user amplification, they were propagated with the virality and speed of algorithm-driven mass and social media.
Disinformation had also become a complex system in which specific segments such as political propaganda, commercial click-bait, and hybrid cyber threats were connected through a flow of messages, networks, and companies in a cross-border and cross-media environment.